Carbon (C)

POSITION IN PREODIC TABLE

Valancy Of Carbon

The valancy of carbon is 4. It’s can form Four Bonds. While forming four bond carbon complete 8 electron in its outermost shell.

Ores of Carbon

Carbon does not have any ore. It occurs in nature as Graphite, Diamond and Coal.

First Organic Compounds Prepared In Lab

• First – Urea (NH₂-CO-NH₂)
• After that- Acetic acid
• Later- Methane (CH₄ )

Now mor than !crore (10 million+) Organic Compound have been prepared in laboratories.

Abundance Of Carbon Compounds

Organic Chemistry includes- Carbon compound of Hydrogen(H), Nitrogen(N), Oxygen(O), Phosphorus(P), Sulphur(S), Halogens etc.

Allotropes Of Carbon

Carbon has three main allotropes

• Dimond
• Graphite
• Fullerene

Dimond

• Its is an allotrope of carbon.
• Its is the hardest natural substance.
• Structure is three-dimensional.
• Poor Conductor of electricity.
• Each carbon atom makes 4 strong covalent bonds.
• Because of strong covalent bonding diamond is very hard.
• Each Carbon atom is sp³ hybridisation.
• Use in jewellery.
• Used in Cutting and drilling tools(Glass, Stones, Metals).

Synthetic Diamond– Synthetic diamond is an artificial diamond. Its is made keeping carbon under very high temperature and high pressure.

Graphite

• It is soft.
• It is also an allotrope of carbon.
• It is a good conductor of electricity.
• Each carbon atom is bonded with 3 other carbon atoms and 1 free electron.
• The black part of pencil is graphite.
• These layers slide over each other easily.
• Graphite is used to make lubricants.
• Its is a Good conductor of Heat Also.
• Each Carbon Atom is sp² hybridisation.
• These atoms from Hexagonal Rings.

Fullerene

• Fullerene is an allotrope of carbon.
• Structure of C₆₀ looks a Football.
• Each Carbon Atom is sp² hybridisation.
• They have Low Electrical Conductivity.
• They have soft and slippery.
• Discovered by Scientists Kroto, Curl and Smalley in 1985 (Nobel Prize 1996)
• Use Drug delivery in medicine.
• Use in Solar cells and electronics.

Different Between Dimond and Graphite

Organic Compound Formula

Organic compound formula can be shown in three ways

1. Lewis Dot Structure
2. Structural Formula
3. Three-Dimensional Formula

Lewis Dot Structure

Lewis dot Structure shows Valence electron(Outer Electrons) of an atom using dots around the symbol of element.

• Methane(CH4)
• Ethane (C2H6)
• Ethene (C2H4)
• Ethyne (C2H2)
• Propane (C3H8)
• Butane (C4H10)
• Pentane(C5H12)

your diagram show sharing of electrons between Carbon and Hydrogen.

What is Hydrocarbon?

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made only of hydrogen (H) and Carbon(C).

Example- CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, C₂H₂

Types of hydrocarbon

Saturated Hydrocarbons( Alkanes)- Single Bonds Only, General Formula CnH₂n+2

Examples- CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons–

• Alkenes- At least one double bond, General Formula CnH₂n

Example- C₂H₄ , C₃H₆

• Alkynes- At least one Triple Bond, General Formula CnH₂n-2

Example- C₂H₂, C₃H₄